Bloating, fullness and discomfort of abdomen in females should be taken seriously, especially in post-menopausal women. A correct diagnosis will require ultrasound of abdomen pelvis and further evaluation with CT scan or MRI. Also few tumor markers like CA-125, CEA, AFP, etc can take is closer to the diagnosis

Difficult to answer this question without examination and history, though broadly speaking sinister cause like cancer is rare in such young age, benign skin problems are more common. However it'll be advisable to visit a surgeon for evaluation..

Recent onset problem may be related to some benign skin disorders like eczema. However it may be the presentation of an 'in situ' type of breast cancer or a breast cancer inside the breast tissue. You must visit a surgical Oncologist and if needed a skin specialist

Root canal treatment and Apicectomy if the infection persist after root canal treatment.

Try to change your diet into soft food and non chew food for a month, do some heat applications in the area in front of the ear. If it doesn't settle in 2 weeks, book an appointment with dentist.

At the age of 46, body hair loss might occur due to alopecia universalis, an auto-immune condition that results in hair fall. It can be managed with immunosuppression. said that a proper diagnosis is mandatory before starting treatment and a proper dermatology consultation is important

Menstruation Disorders: Symptoms, Causes & More

Menstruation disorders – the menstrual cycle (menstruation) is a condition indicating a change in the functioning of the organs of the reproductive system. This disorder occurs in almost all women, the cause of their development can be both physiological and pathological disorders.  

Before treating menstruation disorders, it is important to undergo a series of examinations, the results of which will help the doctor determine the main etiological factor and prescribe the necessary therapy.

Causes of menstruation disorders

The main cause of menstrual irregularities is considered to be hormonal dysfunction in women, which entails an unstable manifestation of bleeding. This condition can be conditionally divided into 3 main groups:

• Physiological – climate change, frequent nervous overstrain, inappropriate nutrition, menopause
• Pathological – gynecological diseases, chronic pathologies of internal organs and systems that have a negative impact on the work of the pelvic organs
• Medication – taking hormonal contraceptives, glucocorticoids, anticoagulants, anticonvulsants that can affect the menstrual cycle.

Violation of menstruation in women after 40 years is most often associated with age- related changes in the reproductive system. At this age, the depletion of the ovarian follicular reserve occurs, and the frequency of anovulatory cycles increases.  Such changes in the female body are initially caused by irregular periods, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, then menopause.

In young girls, menstruation disorders is often associated with uneven maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary and ovarian systems. Less commonly, congenital or acquired syndromes, chromosomal disorders, or reproductive system abnormalities can be the cause. Regardless of the cause, the treatment of the failure of menstruation should be carried out under the guidance of a gynecologist.

Symptoms of menstruation disorders

Depending on the etiological factor, menstrual irregularities can manifest themselves in different ways, therefore, a classification of clinical manifestations has been derived in gynecology, including:

• Algodismenorrhea – accompanied by pulling pains in the lower abdomen, nausea, headaches, menstruation failure
• Dysmenorrhea – an unstable cycle, manifests itself sharply without accompanying symptoms
• Hypermenorrhea – profuse flow of menstruation with a normal duration
• Menorrhagia – the cycle lasts up to 12 days with profuse bleeding
• Hypomenorrhea – scanty spotting
• Polymenorrhea – the interval between menstruation is not more than 21 days
• Oligomenorrhea – short periods with a duration of 1 – 2 days
• Opsomenorrhea – rare discharge at intervals of 1 time in 3 months.

In addition to the main clinical signs, there may be other symptoms that worsen a woman’s well-being and quality of life:

• Increased fatigue
• Irritability
• Decrease or increase in body weight
• Pain in the lower back or lower abdomen of varying intensity
• Nausea
   
• Frequent headaches, migraines.

All of the above symptoms should not be ignored by the doctor, who, after the results of the examination, will be able to determine the cause, make the correct diagnosis, choose the necessary therapy, and give recommendations.

How and what to treat

When a woman has a menstrual disorder, the doctor will necessarily prescribe a number of instrumental and laboratory tests:

• Ultrasound
• Histological analysis
• Colposcopy
• Flora smear
• Dad test
• Analysis of blood, urine
• Infectious screening.

The research results will help the doctor get a complete picture, determine the cause, and, if necessary, select drug therapy.

Treatment for menstrual irregularities directly depends on the cause, concomitant symptoms and characteristics of the patient’s body. If physiological reasons are the cause, it is enough to normalize the regime of the day and rest, monitor nutrition, and avoid physical and psychological stress.

When the cycle is disrupted due to infections, inflammatory processes of the ovaries, antibacterial drugs, uroseptics, hormonal drugs, physiotherapy, vitamin therapy are prescribed.  Herbal medicine is prescribed as an aid. The choice of any drug always remains with the attending physician, who will select the required dose and duration of administration.

To regulate menstruation, doctors often advise to follow a diet, to exclude contact with any provoking factors. If the failure of menstruation occurs due to damage to the cervix, the woman may be prescribed surgical treatment.

Treatment and Prevention Tips

In order to avoid menstrual irregularities, doctors in the field of gynecology recommend women and girls to monitor their health, not to self-medicate. Every woman must follow certain rules, as well as have the necessary information:

• Girls’ periods should begin at the age of 10-14 years
• Keep a menstrual calendar
• Visit a gynecologist at least once every 6 months
• Timely treat all gynecological diseases
• Not to self-medicate, uncontrolled intake of medications
• Balance the menu
• Lead an active and healthy lifestyle.

If you have uterine cancer, you may notice:

• Bleeding per vaginum
• and then go ahead with USG abdomen

Regarding what to expect 5 months after knee replacement - If there are no complications then you can work freely as per your wish.

But after knee replacement, some patients do not recover as quickly as others. Consider the following:

• Patients who conducted knee-strengthening activities before surgery have a better chance of recovering faster.
• It may take longer recovery time for those patients who are older, smoke, or have other medical concerns.

Note: Although deviations from the "normal" recovery timeframe is not always expected, but such fluctuations are usually acceptable as long as the patient, doctor, and physical therapist continue to collaborate in the pursuit of a complete recovery.

Most plastic surgeons in India recommend having a nose job only after the nose has fully grown. This means that girls can get a nose job done only after they reach 15 or 16 years of age, and boys can get a nose job done after 16 or 17 years of age. But if one is suffering from a congenital facial disability, for example, a cleft palate, the plastic surgeon may advise going for a nose job earlier. And there isn’t any maximum age for getting a nose job as long as you are in a good health condition and do not suffer from the following health problems:

• Lung disease
• Heart disease
• Obesity
• High cholesterol
• Hypertension
• Diabetes etc.

Hope this answers your question. If you have any other queries or concerns, you can please feel free to connect with any of the best rhinoplasty doctors in India. They will be glad to answer your questions and give solutions to your problems.

If you are having recurrent acne this is probably due to the hormonal fluctuation which results into increased oily skin on the face, the scalp, chest and there are few things that has to be taken care. One thing not to apply hair oil, avoid having dandruff or use anti-dandruff shampoos weekly on the scalp, using face washes that have salicylic acid or glycolic acid. Avoid using thick greasy moisturizers or cream on the face. Use only creams that are gel based or water based. Drink plenty of water, avoid fat or cheesy diet, exercise 10-15 mins of the day. Topical steroids have to be avoided. Topical antibiotics like Clindamycin are useful. Oral Antibiotics or retinoids are advised. Even some patients require peeling sessions. A proper consultation with dermatologist is more helpful. 

No, there's no average age for knee replacement.

However, younger patients are often discouraged from opting for this surgery because:

• It is assumed that younger patients will require another knee replacement surgery owing to their high participation in rigorous activities.
• Younger candidates are also more prone to experiencing prosthetics failure ((that is, incapability of the device in ensuring proper functioning of the joints - same can be attributed to infection of the implants, mechanical failure in the device, or loosening of the device)), which thus calls for revision surgery.

Additionally, doctors often evaluate patients on a case-by-case basis to prescribe total/partial knee replacement - and below mentioned are the points that factor into their decision-making: 

• Degenerative joint diseases as well as the strength of bone.
• Stiffness.
• Knee deformity.
• And/or any such condition which restricts your daily physical movement.

Only case in which you will disqualify for knee replacement surgery is if your bones are too weak to support implants.

To conclude: There's no upper cap to knee replacement age, or any knee replacement age limit.

A good surgeon orthopedic plays a vital role in building a safe experience and delivering better results for knee replacement surgery, refer our page to find skilled & experienced surgeons - knee replacement surgeons.

Let us know if we can assist with other doubts and queries!